A
17A and An
Choosing between a and an
Abstract vs Concrete NounsBonus
Things you can and can't touch
Action and Stative Verbs
Verbs that show action vs state
Active and Passive Voice
The cat chased vs was chased
Active to Passive TransformationsBonus
Rewriting sentences in passive
Addition
And, also, in addition, furthermore
Adverb Order in SentencesBonus
Where adverbs sit in a sentence
Adverbs of Degree
Very, quite, rather, too
Adverbs of Frequency
Always, usually, often, never
Adverbs of Manner
Quickly, carefully, well
Adverbs of Time and Place
When and where things happen
Adverbs vs Adjectives
Choosing the right modifier
Alternatives to IfBonus
Unless, provided that, as long as
Articles in Fixed ExpressionsBonus
Phrases where article choice is fixed
Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Articles with different noun types
Articles with Places and NamesBonus
Countries, cities, rivers, and more
Auxiliary Verbs
Be, do, and have as helpers
B
3C
18Can
Ability, permission, and possibility
CausativeBonus
Have/get something done
Choosing Between Gerund and Infinitive
Like doing vs like to do
Collective Nouns and AgreementBonus
Team is vs team are
Common Idioms by ThemeBonus
Body, time, and emotion idioms
Comparative Structures
As...as, the more...the more
Comparison of Adjectives
Comparative and superlative forms
Comparison of Adverbs
Faster, most carefully
Compound AdjectivesBonus
Two-word describing phrases
Compound NounsBonus
Two or more words forming one noun
Compound Subjects
And, or, nor with multiple subjects
Conjunctions vs Linking Adverbs
However vs but, therefore vs so
Contrast and Concession
Although, even though, despite
Coordinating Conjunctions
And, but, or, so, yet, for, nor
Core Punctuation Marks
Full stop, comma, question mark, and more
Correlative and Formal LinkersBonus
Not only...but also, both...and
Could, May, Might
Possibility and permission
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Nouns you can and can't count
D
5Defining Relative Clauses
The woman who called
Degrees of Certainty
Must, can't, might, could for deduction
Demonstrative Pronouns
This, that, these, those
Determiners vs PronounsBonus
When words function differently
Direct Objects
The receiver of the action
E
4F
6First Conditional
Real and likely future conditions
For, Since, During
Duration and fixed points in time
Future ContinuousBonus
Actions in progress at a future time
Future PerfectBonus
Actions completed before a future point
Future with Going to
Plans and predictions with evidence
Future with Will
Predictions and spontaneous decisions
G
2H
1I
9Imperatives
Commands and instructions
Impersonal PassiveBonus
It is said that... People say...
Indefinite Pronouns and Agreement
Everyone is, nobody was
Indefinite Pronouns RecapBonus
Someone, anyone, nobody, and more
Indirect Objects
Who benefits from the action
Interjections in ConversationBonus
Using interjections naturally
Interrogative Pronouns
Who, whom, whose, which, what
Inversion in ConditionalsBonus
Should you need... Had I known...
It, There, and OneBonus
Dummy subjects and general reference
L
1M
7Make, Let, Help
Causative verbs with bare infinitive
Mixed ConditionalsBonus
Mixing second and third conditionals
Modal Perfects
Should have, must have, could have
Modals and PolitenessBonus
Could you...? Would you mind...?
Modals in Reported SpeechBonus
Can → could, will → would, may → might
Much, Many, Few, Little
Talking about amounts
Must and Have to
Obligation and necessity
N
2O
5Object Complements
They called him a genius
Objects as ClausesBonus
I know that she left. I wonder why.
Order of AdjectivesBonus
The correct sequence of descriptors
Other Punctuation MarksBonus
Semicolons, colons, dashes, and more
Other, Another, Others
Referring to additional things
P
30Passive Across Tenses
Passive in all tense forms
Passive Gerunds and InfinitivesBonus
Being told, to be seen
Passive with Modals
It must be done. It can be fixed.
Past Continuous
Actions in progress in the past
Past Perfect
The past before the past
Past Perfect ContinuousBonus
Ongoing actions before a past point
Past Simple
Completed past actions
Past Simple vs Past Continuous
Completed vs in-progress past actions
Past Simple vs Present Perfect
Finished past vs relevant past
Perception Verbs
See, hear, watch + object + verb form
Personal Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Phrasal Verbs and Formal AlternativesBonus
Give up vs abandon
Phrasal Verbs by Particle Meaning
Up, down, out, in — what they signal
Plural Forms of Nouns
Regular and irregular plurals
Position of Adjectives
Before the noun or after the verb
Possessive Nouns
Showing belonging with 's and s'
Possessive Pronouns
Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
Prepositions After Adjectives
Afraid of, good at, interested in
Prepositions After Verbs
Look at, listen to, depend on
Prepositions of Movement
To, from, through, across, and more
Prepositions of Place
In, on, at, near, behind, and more
Prepositions of Time
In, on, at with time expressions
Present Continuous
Actions happening right now
Present Perfect
Past events with present relevance
Present Perfect Continuous
Actions from past continuing to present
Present Perfect vs Present Perfect ContinuousBonus
Result vs duration
Present Simple
Facts, habits, and routines
Present Simple vs Present Continuous
Habits vs temporary actions
Pronouns, Time, and Place Changes
Here → there, now → then
Proper NounsBonus
Names with capital letters
Q
1R
9Reason, Result, and Purpose
Because, so, in order to, so that
Reciprocal PronounsBonus
Each other and one another
Reduced Relative ClausesBonus
Participle phrases replacing clauses
Reflexive Pronouns
Myself, yourself, himself, herself
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Predictable and unpredictable past forms
Reported Commands and Requests
She told him to stop
Reported Questions
He asked where she was going
Reported Statements
She said (that) she was tired
Reporting Verbs and Their Patterns
Admit, deny, suggest, recommend
S
11Second Conditional
Imaginary or unlikely present/future
Semi-Modals
Need to, ought to, used to
Sentence AdverbsBonus
Fortunately, clearly, frankly
Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
Turn it off vs look after it
Sequence and Discourse Markers
First, then, finally, in conclusion
Short Answers
Yes, I do. No, she isn't.
Should
Advice and mild obligation
So Do I / Neither Do IBonus
Expressing agreement
Some, Any, No
Quantity words with nouns
Subjunctive in UseBonus
If I were you... I suggest he leave
Subordinating Conjunctions
Because, although, when, if, unless
T
10Tense Changes (Backshift)
Present → past in reported speech
That vs Which
When to use each relative pronoun
That-Clauses After Verbs
I think that..., She said that...
The
The definite article in detail
There Is / There Are
Introducing things in a location
Third Conditional
Imaginary past situations
Time and Condition
When, while, as soon as, unless
Too, Enough, So, Such
Expressing extent and result
Transitive and Intransitive VerbsBonus
Verbs with and without objects
Tricky Subjects
Everyone, neither, the news, and more
U
2V
4Verb Forms
Base, infinitive, past, and participle
Verbs Followed by a Gerund
Enjoy doing, avoid doing
Verbs Followed by an Infinitive
Want to, hope to, decide to
Verbs Where the Form Changes the MeaningBonus
Stop doing vs stop to do
W
20Wh-Question Structure
Who, what, where, when, why, how
What Are Adjectives
Words that describe nouns
What Are Adverbs
Words that modify verbs and adjectives
What Are Articles
A, an, and the — an introduction
What Are Conditionals
If-clauses: an introduction
What Are Determiners
Words that introduce nouns
What Are Idioms
Fixed phrases with non-literal meaning
What Are Interjections
Oh! Wow! Oops! and more
What Are Modal Verbs
Can, must, should, and more
What Are Phrasal Verbs
Verb + particle combinations
What Are Prepositions
Words showing relationships in space and time
What Is Mood
Indicative, subjunctive, imperative
What Is Reported Speech
Reporting what others said
What Is Subject-Verb Agreement
Making subject and verb match
When Backshift Is OptionalBonus
Present tense after reporting verbs
When to Use the Passive
Focus, formality, and unknown agents
Where, When, and Why
Relative adverbs in clauses
Will vs Going to
Choosing the right future form
Wish and If Only
Wishes about present and past
Would
Hypothetical and polite requests