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Indirect Objects

An indirect object is the person or thing that receives the direct object. It answers the question to whom? or for whom? the action is done.

She gave Daniel a book.

Here a book is the direct object (the thing given) and Daniel is the indirect object (the person who receives it). An indirect object can only exist in a sentence that already has a direct object.

Two word orders

English gives you two ways to express the same idea. Both are correct.

Without a preposition

The indirect object sits between the verb and the direct object.

James sent Maria a postcard.
The teacher showed us the results.
Anna offered her colleague a cup of coffee.

This order is the more natural choice in everyday speech, especially when the indirect object is short — a name or a pronoun.

With a preposition

The direct object comes first, followed by to or for and the indirect object.

James sent a postcard to Maria.
The teacher showed the results to us.
Anna offered a cup of coffee to her colleague.

The meaning does not change. The choice between the two orders depends on rhythm and emphasis, not grammar.

To or for

The preposition you use depends on the verb. There is no rule you can derive from the meaning — you need to know which verbs go with to and which go with for.

Verbs with *to*

These describe transferring something to a recipient: give, send, show, tell, offer, teach, lend, bring, hand, pass, write, read.

Sarah wrote a long letter to her grandmother.
He handed the documents to the receptionist.
The guide showed the old map to the tourists.

Verbs with *for*

These describe doing something for someone's benefit: buy, make, cook, find, get, save, build, order.

Tom bought a birthday present for his daughter.
She cooked a special meal for the whole family.
They built a small bookshelf for the classroom.

A few verbs, like bring, can work with either preposition depending on the meaning. He brought flowers to her (delivered) vs. He brought flowers for her (on her behalf, as a favour).

When you must use the preposition

In three situations, the short order (verb + IO + DO) sounds awkward or is considered wrong. Use to or for instead.

When the indirect object is long. A short direct object followed by a long phrase reads more naturally than the other way around.

She gave the keys to the student who had just arrived from Berlin.

Putting the student who had just arrived from Berlin between the verb and the keys would feel heavy and unbalanced.

When both objects are pronouns. Most speakers strongly prefer the preposition form here.

Give it to me.
Sarah sent them to her.

The alternative (Give me it, Sarah sent her them) exists in some dialects but sounds odd to most English speakers.

With the verb explain. This verb never takes the short order in standard English.

The professor explained the theory to the class.

The professor explained the class the theory is a common mistake, but it is not accepted in any major dialect.

Pronouns as indirect objects

When the indirect object is a pronoun, use the object form: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.

She told him the news. (not he)
Can you save us a seat? (not we)
I read her the instructions. (not she)

This is the same set of object pronouns used for direct objects. If the subject and the indirect object are the same person, use a reflexive pronoun: He bought himself a new jacket.

Common mistakes

Wrong preposition

She cooked a meal to her friends
She cooked a meal for her friends
He bought a gift to his mother
He bought a gift for his mother

Using explain without a preposition

The teacher explained us the rule
The teacher explained the rule to us
Can you explain me this word?
Can you explain this word to me?

Wrong pronoun form

She gave he a present
She gave him a present
The manager showed they the report
The manager showed them the report

Both objects as pronouns without a preposition

Give me it
Give it to me
She sent her them
She sent them to her

Missing indirect object altogether

He gave to the book
He gave her the book / He gave the book to her
She sent to a message
She sent him a message / She sent a message to him

On this page

  • Two word orders
  • Without a preposition
  • With a preposition
  • To or for
  • Verbs with *to*
  • Verbs with *for*
  • When you must use the preposition
  • Pronouns as indirect objects
  • Common mistakes
← PreviousDirect ObjectsNext →Object Complements

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