Reason, Result, and Purpose

В английском есть три тесно связанные функции, которые часто появляются в одном разговоре: reason объясняет, почему что-то происходит, result описывает, что происходит как следствие, а purpose описывает, для чего что-то нужно. У каждой функции свой набор связующих слов, и выбор не того слова — частый источник ошибок.

Reason: why something happens

because + clause

Because — самый прямой способ указать причину. Он соединяет два предложения и делает полный акцент на объяснении.

I stayed home because I was sick.

The flight was cancelled because of a technical fault.

She passed the exam because she studied every evening.

Предложение с because обычно идёт вторым. Когда оно идёт первым, перед главным предложением ставится запятая.

Because the restaurant was full, we decided to cook at home.

since and as

Since и as тоже вводят причины, но более мягко. Они лучше всего работают, когда причина уже известна или очевидна слушателю.

Since you already have the tickets, I'll meet you at the entrance.

As it was getting dark, we turned on the headlights.

И since, и as обычно появляются в начале предложения. Они немного более формальны, чем because, и делают меньший акцент на самой причине.

Учтите, что since и as также имеют временны́е значения (since Monday, as we were leaving). Контекст почти всегда проясняет нужное значение, но если есть риск путаницы, because — самый надёжный выбор.

because of and due to + noun

Когда причина выражена существительным, а не полным предложением, используйте because of или due to.

The match was postponed because of the rain.

Several flights were delayed due to thick fog.

She missed the meeting because of a family emergency.

Оба выражения работают одинаково: предлог + именная группа. Due to немного более формален и чаще появляется в письменной речи.

STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
because + clause	because it was raining
because of + noun	because of the rain
due to + noun	due to the rain

Частая ошибка — смешивание этих двух схем: because of it was raining или due to it was raining. Если дальше идут подлежащее и сказуемое, используйте because. Если только существительное, используйте because of или due to.

Result: what happens as a consequence

so

So — повседневный союз для результата. Он соединяет причину с её исходом в одном предложении.

It was raining, so we stayed inside.

The shop was closed, so I went to the one across the street.

He forgot his wallet, so Anna paid for lunch.

Предложение с so всегда идёт вторым. Запятая обычно разделяет две части.

therefore, consequently, as a result

Эти связующие наречия выполняют ту же работу, что so, но принадлежат к более формальному регистру. Они обычно появляются в начале нового предложения или после точки с запятой.

The road was blocked. Therefore, we took a different route.

Sales dropped sharply in March. As a result, the company cut its budget.

The evidence was inconclusive; consequently, the case was dismissed.

В отличие от so, который соединяет два предложения внутри одного, эти наречия связывают два независимых предложения. После них ставится запятая, когда они открывают предложение.

so ... that and such ... that

Эти конструкции выражают результат, который следует из крайней степени или качества.

So + adjective/adverb + that:

It was so cold that the lake froze.

She spoke so quietly that nobody heard her.

The suitcase was so heavy that I could barely lift it.

Such + (a/an) + noun phrase + that:

It was such a cold night that the lake froze.

He told such a funny story that everyone laughed.

They made such good coffee that I ordered a second cup.

Различие чисто грамматическое: so определяет прилагательное или наречие, such определяет именную группу. Значение остаётся тем же.

PATTERN	WHAT FOLLOWS	EXAMPLE
so ... that	adjective / adverb	so tired that ...
such ... that	(a/an) + noun phrase	such a long day that ...

Purpose: what something is for

to + infinitive

Самый простой способ выразить цель — to + infinitive. Он отвечает на вопрос what for?

I went to the shop to buy milk.

She called the hotel to book a room.

He saved money for months to buy a bicycle.

Эта конструкция требует общего подлежащего для обоих глаголов. У I went и I buy общее подлежащее I, поэтому инфинитив работает. Если подлежащие разные, используйте so that.

in order to and so as to

In order to и so as to — более формальные альтернативы to. Значение идентично.

She left early in order to catch the first train.

The company hired extra staff so as to meet the deadline.

В повседневной речи простого инфинитива с to почти всегда достаточно. In order to и so as to появляются чаще в письменном или деловом английском.

Negative purpose

Для отрицательной цели используйте in order not to или so as not to. Простое not to в большинстве случаев звучит неуклюже.

He whispered so as not to wake the baby.

I wrote it down in order not to forget.

She took a taxi so as not to be late.

so that + clause

So that вводит предложение цели с собственным подлежащим и сказуемым. Это единственный вариант, когда у двух действий разные подлежащие.

I'll write it down so that I don't forget.

She left a note so that her flatmate would know where she was.

He turned off the music so that the neighbours could sleep.

Предложения с so that часто содержат can, could, will или would — потому что цель естественным образом указывает на способность или будущее действие.

Quick reference

Reason

because + clause (нейтрально)
since, as + clause (слегка формально)
because of, due to + noun (нейтрально / формально)

Result

so + clause (нейтрально)
therefore, as a result + sentence (формально)
so + adjective + that + clause (нейтрально)
such + noun + that + clause (нейтрально)

Purpose

to + infinitive (нейтрально)
in order to, so as to + infinitive (формально)
so that + clause (нейтрально)

Common mistakes

because vs. because of

The game was cancelled because of it was raining

The game was cancelled because it was raining.

She stayed home because the headache

She stayed home because of the headache.

so vs. so that

I set an alarm so that not be late

I set an alarm so as not to be late.

I called her so that ask a question

I called her to ask a question.

so ... that vs. such ... that

It was such cold that we stayed inside

It was so cold that we stayed inside.

She is so a talented singer that everyone stopped

She is such a talented singer that everyone stopped.

Порядок слов с so

So we stayed inside, it was raining

It was raining, so we stayed inside.

Отрицательная цель

He spoke quietly to not disturb anyone

He spoke quietly so as not to disturb anyone.

She closed the door for not wake the children

She closed the door in order not to wake the children.

due to + предложение

The delay was due to the train broke down

The delay was due to the train breaking down.

The shop closed due to there were no customers

The shop closed because there were no customers.

Reason: why something happens

because + clause

I stayed home because I was sick.

The flight was cancelled because of a technical fault.

She passed the exam because she studied every evening.

Предложение с because обычно идёт вторым. Когда оно идёт первым, перед главным предложением ставится запятая.

Because the restaurant was full, we decided to cook at home.

since and as

Since you already have the tickets, I'll meet you at the entrance.

As it was getting dark, we turned on the headlights.

because of and due to + noun

Когда причина выражена существительным, а не полным предложением, используйте because of или due to.

The match was postponed because of the rain.

Several flights were delayed due to thick fog.

She missed the meeting because of a family emergency.

STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
because + clause	because it was raining
because of + noun	because of the rain
due to + noun	due to the rain

Result: what happens as a consequence

so

So — повседневный союз для результата. Он соединяет причину с её исходом в одном предложении.

It was raining, so we stayed inside.

The shop was closed, so I went to the one across the street.

He forgot his wallet, so Anna paid for lunch.

Предложение с so всегда идёт вторым. Запятая обычно разделяет две части.

therefore, consequently, as a result

The road was blocked. Therefore, we took a different route.

Sales dropped sharply in March. As a result, the company cut its budget.

The evidence was inconclusive; consequently, the case was dismissed.

so ... that and such ... that

Эти конструкции выражают результат, который следует из крайней степени или качества.

So + adjective/adverb + that:

It was so cold that the lake froze.

She spoke so quietly that nobody heard her.

The suitcase was so heavy that I could barely lift it.

Such + (a/an) + noun phrase + that:

It was such a cold night that the lake froze.

He told such a funny story that everyone laughed.

They made such good coffee that I ordered a second cup.

PATTERN	WHAT FOLLOWS	EXAMPLE
so ... that	adjective / adverb	so tired that ...
such ... that	(a/an) + noun phrase	such a long day that ...

Purpose: what something is for

to + infinitive

Самый простой способ выразить цель — to + infinitive. Он отвечает на вопрос what for?

I went to the shop to buy milk.

She called the hotel to book a room.

He saved money for months to buy a bicycle.

in order to and so as to

In order to и so as to — более формальные альтернативы to. Значение идентично.

She left early in order to catch the first train.

The company hired extra staff so as to meet the deadline.

Negative purpose

Для отрицательной цели используйте in order not to или so as not to. Простое not to в большинстве случаев звучит неуклюже.

He whispered so as not to wake the baby.

I wrote it down in order not to forget.

She took a taxi so as not to be late.

so that + clause

I'll write it down so that I don't forget.

She left a note so that her flatmate would know where she was.

He turned off the music so that the neighbours could sleep.

Quick reference

Reason

because + clause (нейтрально)
since, as + clause (слегка формально)
because of, due to + noun (нейтрально / формально)

Result

so + clause (нейтрально)
therefore, as a result + sentence (формально)
so + adjective + that + clause (нейтрально)
such + noun + that + clause (нейтрально)

Purpose

to + infinitive (нейтрально)
in order to, so as to + infinitive (формально)
so that + clause (нейтрально)

Common mistakes

because vs. because of

The game was cancelled because of it was raining

The game was cancelled because it was raining.

She stayed home because the headache

She stayed home because of the headache.

so vs. so that

I set an alarm so that not be late

I set an alarm so as not to be late.

I called her so that ask a question

I called her to ask a question.

so ... that vs. such ... that

It was such cold that we stayed inside

It was so cold that we stayed inside.

She is so a talented singer that everyone stopped

She is such a talented singer that everyone stopped.

Порядок слов с so

So we stayed inside, it was raining

It was raining, so we stayed inside.

Отрицательная цель

He spoke quietly to not disturb anyone

He spoke quietly so as not to disturb anyone.

She closed the door for not wake the children

She closed the door in order not to wake the children.

due to + предложение

The delay was due to the train broke down

The delay was due to the train breaking down.

The shop closed due to there were no customers

The shop closed because there were no customers.

Reason, Result, and Purpose

Reason: why something happens

because + clause

since and as

because of and due to + noun

Result: what happens as a consequence

so

therefore, consequently, as a result

so ... that and such ... that

Purpose: what something is for

to + infinitive

in order to and so as to

Negative purpose

so that + clause

Quick reference

Common mistakes

Другие уроки по этой теме

Reason, Result, and Purpose

Reason: why something happens

because + clause

since and as

because of and due to + noun

Result: what happens as a consequence

so

therefore, consequently, as a result

so ... that and such ... that

Purpose: what something is for

to + infinitive

in order to and so as to

Negative purpose

so that + clause

Quick reference

Common mistakes

Другие уроки по этой теме