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Библиотека›Active & Passive Voice
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Гарнитура

Impersonal Passive

impersonal passive — формальная конструкция для передачи мнений, убеждений и слухов без указания на то, кто их придерживается. Это стандартный голос новостных сообщений, академического письма и официальных заявлений — любого контекста, где источник утверждения неизвестен, не важен или намеренно оставлен неназванным.

It is said that the painting is a genuine Vermeer.

Никто не назван как говорящий. Утверждение преподносит широко распространённое мнение как своего рода общеизвестный факт.

The two patterns

Одну и ту же мысль можно выразить двумя параллельными структурами. Обе используют reporting verb (say, believe, think, know, understand, report, consider, expect, claim, allege, rumor) в passive, но присоединяют его по-разному.

Pattern 1 — impersonal. Предложение начинается с пустого подлежащего it, а передаваемое содержание следует как полная that-clause.

It is said that he is the richest man in town.
It is believed that the painting is genuine.
It was reported that the factory had closed.

Pattern 2 — personal. Настоящее подлежащее передаваемой clause уходит в начало главного предложения, а остальное становится инфинитивом.

He is said to be the richest man in town.
The painting is believed to be genuine.
The factory was reported to have closed.

Обе схемы означают одно и то же. Pattern 1 звучит чуть более нейтрально и по-журналистски; Pattern 2 звучит компактнее и естественнее, когда хочешь поставить подлежащее вперёд.

Side-by-side transformation

IMPERSONAL (PATTERN 1)PERSONAL (PATTERN 2)
It is said that she speaks six languages.She is said to speak six languages.
It is thought that the building is unsafe.The building is thought to be unsafe.
It is known that the company is in trouble.The company is known to be in trouble.
It was expected that the talks would fail.The talks were expected to fail.

Обрати внимание на механический сдвиг: подлежащее that-clause становится подлежащим главного глагола, а личная форма глагола из that-clause становится bare infinitive с to.

Common reporting verbs

Это глаголы, которые ты чаще всего встретишь в этой структуре:

  • say, believe, think, know, understand
  • report, claim, allege, rumor
  • consider, expect, assume, suppose
The suspect is believed to be in Berlin.
The device is claimed to reduce energy use by half.
Negotiations are understood to have stalled.

Perfect infinitive for earlier time

Когда передаваемое действие произошло раньше момента передачи, personal-схема использует perfect infinitive (to have + past participle).

He is believed to have died in 1920.
She is said to have won a Nobel Prize.
The paintings are thought to have been stolen during the war.

Убеждение или сообщение происходит сейчас; само событие — в прошлом. Impersonal-версия справляется с этим естественно, обычным временем:

PERSONAL (PERFECT INFINITIVE)IMPERSONAL (PAST IN *THAT*-CLAUSE)
He is said to have escaped.It is said that he escaped.
The treaty is believed to have failed.It is believed that the treaty failed.
She is known to have lived in Paris.It is known that she lived in Paris.

Используй simple infinitive (to be, to live, to work), когда передаваемое состояние совпадает с моментом передачи. Используй perfect infinitive (to have been, to have lived, to have worked), когда оно раньше.

Moving the reporting verb in time

Главный passive-глагол может переходить между временами, чтобы поместить саму передачу в прошлое, настоящее или недавнее прошлое.

It is said that prices will rise. (текущий слух)
It was said that prices would rise. (слух в более ранний момент)
It has been said that prices will rise. (передавалось не раз вплоть до настоящего момента)

Та же гибкость работает и для Pattern 2:

Prices are said to be rising.
Prices were said to be rising.
Prices have been said to be rising.

На практике настоящая форма (is said, is believed, is thought) встречается чаще всего.

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Эта конструкция относится к формальному английскому. Это вариант по умолчанию для новостных заголовков, судебных сообщений, научных резюме, биографий и официальных коммюнике. В непринуждённом разговоре люди обычно предпочитают active-формы с расплывчатым подлежащим — they say, people think, everyone knows — вместо impersonal passive.

Formal: It is widely believed that the treaty will be signed next month.
Casual: Everyone thinks they'll sign the treaty next month.

Оба варианта верны; выбор зависит от контекста.

Common mistakes

Mixing the two patterns

It is said he to be rich
It is said that he is rich (Pattern 1 needs a full that-clause)
He is said that he is rich
He is said to be rich (Pattern 2 needs an infinitive, not a that-clause)

Forgetting "to" in the personal form

She is believed be innocent
She is believed to be innocent
The company is known have debts
The company is known to have debts

Wrong infinitive for earlier time

He is said to die in 1920
He is said to have died in 1920
She is believed to win the prize last year
She is believed to have won the prize last year

Wrong tense of the reporting verb

It is reported that the factory closed yesterday, but nobody knew then
It was reported that the factory had closed (past reporting needs past main verb)
He was said to be ill now
He is said to be ill (current report needs present main verb)

Using an active reporting verb where the passive is required

People say that he to be the richest man
He is said to be the richest man
They believe the painting to genuine
The painting is believed to be genuine

На этой странице

  • The two patterns
  • Side-by-side transformation
  • Common reporting verbs
  • Perfect infinitive for earlier time
  • Moving the reporting verb in time
  • Register
  • Common mistakes
← ПредыдущийCausative

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