Passive строится на be + past participle. Чтобы перенести его в другое время, меняешь только форму be — past participle остаётся прежним. Этот урок показывает, как это работает в каждом стандартном времени.
The core pattern
| TENSE | FORM OF *BE* + V3 |
|---|---|
| Present simple | am / is / are + V3 |
| Present continuous | am / is / are being + V3 |
| Past simple | was / were + V3 |
| Past continuous | was / were being + V3 |
| Present perfect | have / has been + V3 |
| Past perfect | had been + V3 |
| Future (will) | will be + V3 |
| Future (going to) | am / is / are going to be + V3 |
Всё остальное — вопросы, отрицания, агенты с by — работает ровно так же, как в active voice. Спрягаешь только be.
Simple tenses
Present simple описывает passive-версию рутины и общих фактов.
Past simple — самая частая passive-форма в повествовании и новостях.
Future with will используется для предсказаний и решений.
Future with going to обозначает уже сложившиеся планы и намерения.
Continuous tenses
Continuous-passive вставляет being между формой be и participle.
Present continuous — происходит прямо сейчас.
Past continuous — было в процессе в определённый момент прошлого, часто прервано.
Perfect tenses
Perfect-passive использует been после вспомогательного глагола.
Present perfect — прошлое действие с актуальностью для настоящего.
Past perfect — действие, завершённое до другого прошлого действия.
Quick reference with full sentences
| TENSE | ACTIVE | PASSIVE |
|---|---|---|
| Present simple | They deliver the mail daily. | The mail is delivered daily. |
| Present continuous | They are painting the wall. | The wall is being painted. |
| Past simple | Daniel wrote the report. | The report was written by Daniel. |
| Past continuous | They were cleaning the room. | The room was being cleaned. |
| Present perfect | Sarah has finished the task. | The task has been finished. |
| Past perfect | They had locked the door. | The door had been locked. |
| Future (will) | The team will release the update. | The update will be released. |
| Future (going to) | Maria is going to send the invoice. | The invoice is going to be sent. |
Rarer forms
Несколько passive-конструкций грамматически возможны, но почти никогда не используются на практике.
- Future perfect passive — will have been + V3. Иногда полезна: The project will have been completed by June.
- Present perfect continuous passive — has / have been being + V3. Теоретически существует, но носители её избегают и перефразируют: The software has been tested for six months предпочтительнее, чем has been being tested.
- Past perfect continuous passive — had been being + V3. То же самое — неуклюже и редко.
- Future continuous passive — will be being + V3. Тоже избегается.
Если тебе понадобилась одна из последних трёх, переделай предложение в active voice или используй более простое passive-время.
Common mistakes
Missing been in perfect tenses
Missing being in continuous tenses
Wrong form of be for the subject
Using V2 instead of V3
Future passive structure
Double auxiliary in continuous passive