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Библиотека›Active & Passive Voice
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Гарнитура

Active to Passive Transformations

Превращение active-предложения в passive обычно сводится к простому развороту: дополнение уходит вперёд, глагол становится be + past participle, а исходное подлежащее либо уходит за by, либо исчезает. Сложные случаи лежат в другом месте — в глаголах с двумя дополнениями, в глаголах, сросшихся с частицами, и в глаголах, которые вообще отказываются разворачиваться.

Этот урок проходит по этим закоулкам. Базовая механика образования passive разобрана в предыдущих уроках этой главы.

The standard flip

Возьми подлежащее, глагол и одно дополнение. Дополнение становится новым подлежащим, глагол принимает форму be, а агент уходит в конец (или исчезает совсем).

The police arrested the suspect. → The suspect was arrested (by the police).
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. → Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Sarah is painting the kitchen. → The kitchen is being painted by Sarah.

Время be соответствует времени исходного глагола. Всё остальное следует из этого.

Verbs with two objects

Некоторые глаголы берут два дополнения — одно для человека (косвенное дополнение) и одно для предмета (прямое дополнение). Give, tell, offer, send, show, lend, teach, write, pay, bring, promise — самые распространённые. Подлежащим passive может стать любое из дополнений, а значит, у каждого active-предложения есть две допустимые passive-версии.

The teacher gave Sarah a prize.
→ Sarah was given a prize (by the teacher).
→ A prize was given to Sarah (by the teacher).

Версия с человеком в роли подлежащего — более естественный и частый выбор в английском. Версия с предметом в роли подлежащего сохраняет предлог to (или for) перед человеком.

Ещё пары, та же схема:

They offered Daniel the job. → Daniel was offered the job. / The job was offered to Daniel.
Anna sent James an email. → James was sent an email. / An email was sent to James.
The bank lent the company a large sum. → The company was lent a large sum. / A large sum was lent to the company.
Maria told the children a story. → The children were told a story. / The story was told to the children.

Выбирай версию с человеком в роли подлежащего, если только предмет не является настоящим фокусом. "The job was offered to Daniel" работает, когда о работе читатель уже знает; "Daniel was offered the job" работает почти во всех остальных контекстах.

Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verb — это глагол плюс частица, которые вместе несут одно значение (call off, look after, take care of, put off, bring up). В passive частица остаётся прикреплённой к глаголу и переходит вместе с ним в начало предложения.

They called off the meeting. → The meeting was called off.
His grandmother looked after him. → He was looked after by his grandmother.
The manager turned down our request. → Our request was turned down.
Someone brought up that point earlier. → That point was brought up earlier.

Трёхсловные phrasal verbs ведут себя так же — оба дополнительных слова остаются на месте.

The neighbours took care of the cat. → The cat was taken care of.
Everyone looks up to her. → She is looked up to by everyone.

Verbs with an obligatory preposition

Некоторые глаголы всегда идут с определённым предлогом: depend on, look at, listen to, refer to, deal with, write about, laugh at. В passive предлог стоит сразу после past participle, без дополнения между ними.

Everyone stared at the newcomer. → The newcomer was stared at by everyone.
The committee will deal with the complaint. → The complaint will be dealt with.
Several papers refer to this study. → This study is referred to by several papers.
People often laughed at his accent. → His accent was often laughed at.

Висящий предлог в конце сначала выглядит странно, но это совершенно нормально.

Questions and imperatives

У вопросов и команд тоже есть passive-формы. Они встречаются реже passive-утверждений, но следуют тем же правилам.

Did anyone lock the door? → Was the door locked?
Have they finished the report? → Has the report been finished?
Lock the door. → Let the door be locked. / The door must be locked.

Для повелительного наклонения modal passive (must be locked, should be sent) звучит естественнее. Буквальная конструкция "Let X be done" устарела и встречается в основном в формальных или церемониальных контекстах.

When the flip is not possible

Не у каждого active-предложения есть passive-версия. Этому сопротивляются две группы глаголов.

Intransitive verbs

У глаголов, не берущих дополнения, нечего перенести в позицию подлежащего — поэтому у них нет passive. Arrive, happen, die, sleep, exist, come, go, fall, rise, wait, cry — все работают так.

The train arrived at noon. → not: "The train was arrived at noon."
An accident happened. → not: "An accident was happened."
She slept for ten hours. → not: "Ten hours were slept."

(Переходный глагол или непереходный — более широкая тема, разбираемая отдельно.)

Stative verbs of possession and measurement

Have в значении владения, а также глаголы resemble, fit, suit, cost, weigh, contain, lack, equal описывают состояния, а не действия. Состояния ни на кого не переносятся, поэтому passive-формы звучат неправильно, даже когда у предложения есть дополнение.

They have three cars. → not: "Three cars are had by them."
Daniel resembles his father. → not: "His father is resembled by Daniel."
The dress fits her perfectly. → not: "She is fitted perfectly by the dress."
The jacket cost two hundred pounds. → not: "Two hundred pounds were cost by the jacket."

У некоторых из этих глаголов есть passive-употребления в непостоянных значениях (have как в have a meeting held, have the window broken — это causative, разбираемый отдельно). Правило здесь касается только значения состояния.

Common mistakes

Dropped particle in phrasal verbs

The meeting was called
The meeting was called off
The children were looked
The children were looked after
Our plan was put
Our plan was put off

Two-object confusion

A prize was given Sarah
A prize was given to Sarah (or: Sarah was given a prize)
The job was offered Daniel
The job was offered to Daniel (or: Daniel was offered the job)
An email was sent James
An email was sent to James (or: James was sent an email)

Passive with intransitive verbs

The train was arrived late
The train arrived late
An accident was happened
An accident happened
She was died last year
She died last year

Passive with stative verbs

Three cars are had by them
They have three cars
His father is resembled by daniel
Daniel resembles his father
Two hundred pounds were cost by the jacket
The jacket cost two hundred pounds

Missing preposition after obligatory-preposition verbs

The newcomer was stared by everyone
The newcomer was stared at by everyone
The complaint will be dealt
The complaint will be dealt with
This study is referred by several papers
This study is referred to by several papers

На этой странице

  • The standard flip
  • Verbs with two objects
  • Phrasal verbs
  • Verbs with an obligatory preposition
  • Questions and imperatives
  • When the flip is not possible
  • Intransitive verbs
  • Stative verbs of possession and measurement
  • Common mistakes
← ПредыдущийWhen to Use the PassiveСледующий →Causative

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