Must and Have to

Must и have to оба выражают обязанность — нечто необходимое. Разница в том, откуда эта обязанность исходит.

Must выражает то, что говорящий лично считает необходимым.
Have to выражает то, что требует внешнее правило, закон или ситуация.

I must call my parents tonight. (собственное ощущение)

I have to wear a uniform at work. (правило компании)

В повседневном английском утвердительные предложения с must и have to часто взаимозаменяемы. Оба предложения ниже естественны:

You must show your passport at the border.

You have to show your passport at the border.

Настоящая разница становится критичной в отрицательных формах.

Must: form

Must — это modal verb. За ним напрямую идёт базовая форма основного глагола, без to.

She must leave now.

Must не меняется в третьем лице — нет ни musts, ни must to.

SUBJECT	MUST	BASE VERB
I / you	must	go
he / she	must	go
we / they	must	go

Have to: form

Have to не является настоящим модальным глаголом — он ведёт себя как обычный глагол. Он меняется по лицам, берёт do/does в вопросах и отрицаниях и работает во всех временах.

He has to finish the report by Friday.

Do you have to work tomorrow?

Mustn't vs don't have to

Это самое важное различие в этом уроке.

Mustn't = запрет. Действие запрещено.

You mustn't park here — it's a fire lane.

Students mustn't use phones during the exam.

You mustn't tell anyone about this.

Don't have to = отсутствие обязанности. Действие не обязательно, но вы можете его сделать, если хотите.

You don't have to come to the meeting — it's optional.

She doesn't have to wear a suit. She just likes dressing formally.

We don't have to leave yet. The train is in an hour.

Сравните эти два варианта бок о бок:

You mustn't eat this. (Это запрещено — возможно, это опасно.)

You don't have to eat this. (Это не требуется — ешьте, только если хотите.)

Разница — между запрещено и не обязательно. Перепутав их, вы полностью меняете смысл.

Must for logical conclusions

Must также может выражать deduction — вывод, основанный на фактах.

She must be at home. Her lights are on.

He must be tired — he worked twelve hours today.

This must be the right address. There's no other building on the street.

В этом значении must не выражает обязанность. Он означает я почти уверен, судя по тому, что вижу.

Отрицательный вывод использует can't, а не mustn't:

She can't be at home. Her car isn't here.

Have to in other tenses

У Must нет ни прошедшей, ни будущей формы. Когда обязанность нужна в прошлом или будущем, используйте have to.

Past: had to

I had to work last Saturday.

We had to wait two hours at the airport.

She had to take a taxi because the last bus had left.

Отрицание в прошлом — didn't have to — означает, что это не было необходимо:

We didn't have to pay for parking. It was free.

Future: will have to

He'll have to take the exam again in September.

We'll have to buy tickets in advance — they sell out fast.

I'll have to ask my manager first.

Эта конструкция заполняет пробел там, куда must не может пойти. Нельзя сказать I musted или I will must.

Must vs should

Оба выражают, что что-то — хорошая идея, но сила разная.

Must = сильная обязанность или необходимость. Невыполнение имеет реальные последствия.

You must stop at a red light.

All passengers must fasten their seatbelts.

Should = совет или рекомендация. Говорящий считает это хорошей идеей, но никакое правило к этому не принуждает.

You should try the new Italian restaurant on Park Street.

He should get more sleep.

Быстрый способ это понять: must — это правило, should — предложение.

Common mistakes

Mustn't vs don't have to

You mustn't come to the party (meaning: it's optional)

You don't have to come to the party

You don't have to touch that wire (meaning: it's dangerous)

You mustn't touch that wire

She doesn't have to smoke inside the building

She mustn't smoke inside the building

Must в прошедшем времени

Yesterday I must work until midnight

Yesterday I had to work until midnight

She must take a bus last Friday

She had to take a bus last Friday

Must в будущем времени

Next week I must to submit the report

Next week I will have to submit the report

He will must pass the test

He will have to pass the test

Ошибки в форме

She musts leave early

She must leave early

He must to finish the project

He must finish the project

Do you must work tomorrow?

Do you have to work tomorrow?

Отрицательный вывод

She mustn't be at home, her car isn't here

She can't be at home — her car isn't here

Must и have to оба выражают обязанность — нечто необходимое. Разница в том, откуда эта обязанность исходит.

Must выражает то, что говорящий лично считает необходимым.
Have to выражает то, что требует внешнее правило, закон или ситуация.

I must call my parents tonight. (собственное ощущение)

I have to wear a uniform at work. (правило компании)

You must show your passport at the border.

You have to show your passport at the border.

Настоящая разница становится критичной в отрицательных формах.

Must: form

Must — это modal verb. За ним напрямую идёт базовая форма основного глагола, без to.

She must leave now.

Must не меняется в третьем лице — нет ни musts, ни must to.

SUBJECT	MUST	BASE VERB
I / you	must	go
he / she	must	go
we / they	must	go

Have to: form

He has to finish the report by Friday.

Do you have to work tomorrow?

Mustn't vs don't have to

Это самое важное различие в этом уроке.

Mustn't = запрет. Действие запрещено.

You mustn't park here — it's a fire lane.

Students mustn't use phones during the exam.

You mustn't tell anyone about this.

Don't have to = отсутствие обязанности. Действие не обязательно, но вы можете его сделать, если хотите.

You don't have to come to the meeting — it's optional.

She doesn't have to wear a suit. She just likes dressing formally.

We don't have to leave yet. The train is in an hour.

Сравните эти два варианта бок о бок:

You mustn't eat this. (Это запрещено — возможно, это опасно.)

You don't have to eat this. (Это не требуется — ешьте, только если хотите.)

Разница — между запрещено и не обязательно. Перепутав их, вы полностью меняете смысл.

Must for logical conclusions

Must также может выражать deduction — вывод, основанный на фактах.

She must be at home. Her lights are on.

He must be tired — he worked twelve hours today.

This must be the right address. There's no other building on the street.

В этом значении must не выражает обязанность. Он означает я почти уверен, судя по тому, что вижу.

Отрицательный вывод использует can't, а не mustn't:

She can't be at home. Her car isn't here.

Have to in other tenses

У Must нет ни прошедшей, ни будущей формы. Когда обязанность нужна в прошлом или будущем, используйте have to.

Past: had to

I had to work last Saturday.

We had to wait two hours at the airport.

She had to take a taxi because the last bus had left.

Отрицание в прошлом — didn't have to — означает, что это не было необходимо:

We didn't have to pay for parking. It was free.

Future: will have to

He'll have to take the exam again in September.

We'll have to buy tickets in advance — they sell out fast.

I'll have to ask my manager first.

Эта конструкция заполняет пробел там, куда must не может пойти. Нельзя сказать I musted или I will must.

Must vs should

Оба выражают, что что-то — хорошая идея, но сила разная.

Must = сильная обязанность или необходимость. Невыполнение имеет реальные последствия.

You must stop at a red light.

All passengers must fasten their seatbelts.

Should = совет или рекомендация. Говорящий считает это хорошей идеей, но никакое правило к этому не принуждает.

You should try the new Italian restaurant on Park Street.

He should get more sleep.

Быстрый способ это понять: must — это правило, should — предложение.

Common mistakes

Mustn't vs don't have to

You mustn't come to the party (meaning: it's optional)

You don't have to come to the party

You don't have to touch that wire (meaning: it's dangerous)

You mustn't touch that wire

She doesn't have to smoke inside the building

She mustn't smoke inside the building

Must в прошедшем времени

Yesterday I must work until midnight

Yesterday I had to work until midnight

She must take a bus last Friday

She had to take a bus last Friday

Must в будущем времени

Next week I must to submit the report

Next week I will have to submit the report

He will must pass the test

He will have to pass the test

Ошибки в форме

She musts leave early

She must leave early

He must to finish the project

He must finish the project

Do you must work tomorrow?

Do you have to work tomorrow?

Отрицательный вывод

She mustn't be at home, her car isn't here

She can't be at home — her car isn't here

Must and Have to

Must: form

Have to: form

Mustn't vs don't have to

Must for logical conclusions

Have to in other tenses

Past: had to

Future: will have to

Must vs should

Common mistakes

Другие уроки по этой теме

Must and Have to

Must: form

Have to: form

Mustn't vs don't have to

Must for logical conclusions

Have to in other tenses

Past: had to

Future: will have to

Must vs should

Common mistakes

Другие уроки по этой теме